Switch machine for railroads



y 1951 J. E. STEPHENSON 2,559,477 I SWITCH MACHINE FOR RAIL-ROADS FiledJuly 16, 1946 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR.

July 3, 1951 J. E. STEPHENSON 'SWITCH MACHINE FOR RAILROADS 5Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 16, 1946 N, W. v k t L Wk KER INV TOR;

ATTORNEY July 3, 1951 Filed July 16, 1946 FIG. 5.

Jv E. STEPHENSON SWITCH MACHINE FOR RAILROADS 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 412ATT.OQNEY Patented July 3, 1951 SWITCH MACHINE FOR RAILROADS James E.Stephenson, Gates, N. Y., assignor to General Railway Signal Company,Rochester, N. Y.

Application July 16, 1946, Serial No. 683,884

3 Claims. 1

This invention relates to switch machines for railroads, and it moreparticularly pertains to improvements in switch machines of thehandoperated type.

Higher speed traffic on the railroads has required the use of heaviertrack rails and higher speed track switches. The use of heavier trackrails and higher speed switches in turn requires the use of switchoperating mechanisms that can handle the heavier switches withoutexcessive effort being required on the part of the switch operator, andalso requires more positive looking of the switch points in theiroperated positions than is required for lower speed traffic on lightertrack rails.

An object of the present invention, in view of the above remarks andother considerations, is to provide a dependable hand-operated switchmachine which will operate heavy track switches without requiringexcessive effort on the part of the switch operator, such machinecomprising a minimum number of parts so located and assembled as tofacilitate the maintenance of the mechanism.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a dependablelocking means by which a lock plunger assembly in the switch machine canlock the points of a track switch when such track switch is incorrespondence with the position of the machine in either a normal or areverse position.

Another object of the present invention is to provide means forreversing the relative direction of operation of a throw rod operatingmechanism in the switch machine with respect to the hand throw leverwithout disturbing the lock plunger assembly thus providing that a minorchange in the arrangement of parts, within the switch machine willreverse the direction of operation of the machine. Such mode ofoperation is desirable in adapting a'switch machine that has beenprovided for use with a righthand track switch for use with a left-handtrack switch, or vice versa, assuming the switch machine to be locatedon the same side of the main track in either case. The simplicity of thereversal of direction of operation of the switch machine requires thatonly a single type of track switch need be stocked, as it is readilyadaptable for use on either side of the main track for-either aright-hand or left-hand switch layout.

Another object of the present invention is to include in the switchmachine a dependable detectorcontact mechanism having readily.accessible adjustable normal and reverse contact Lopcrating mechanismsand having a structure to provide that the normal contacts are held openif the switch points are damaged so as to be spread from their normalpositions, even though such switch points may spring back within thelimits of their normal adjustment, thus calling attention to a signalmaintainer or other railroad employee that the track switch has beendamaged.

Other objects, purposes, and characteristic features of the presentinvention will be in part obvious from the accompanying drawings, and inpart pointed out as the description of the inyention progresses.

In describing the invention in detail, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings in which similar reference characters are usedtodesignate corresponding and similar parts in the several views, and inwhich:

Fig. l is a plan view of the switch machine with its cover removedshowing the machine secured to switch ties in operating position;

Fig. 2 is a sectional elevational view of the switch machine taken alongthe line 2-2 of Fig. 1 and viewed in the direction of the arrows;

,Fig. 3 is a sectional view of a portion of the switch showing amodified structure for use with a target of medium height;

Fig. 4 is a sectional view of a portion of the switch machine showing amodified structure for use without a target; and,

Fig. 5 illustrates in perspective the cooperation of the more essentialoperating elements of the switch machine, with some parts omitted,certain parts being shown in an expanded or diagrammatic manner to moreclearly illustrate the general structure and mode of operation.

Theswitch machine case CA (see Figs. 1 and 2') is suitably secured alongthe right-hand side of the left-hand track switch TS (see Fig. 5 atpoints 5 and 6 (see Fig. -1) to an elongatedswitch tie 'l, and atpointsB, 9, Hi and H to the switch tie l2.

Within the case CA, and extending longitudinally along the bottom and oneach side of its center is a channel formed by an outer wall 13 and aninner wall M to provide guides for the rollers l5 and it (see Fig. 2)which are secured to the underside and near the ends of a longitudinaltoothed rack GR to provide a channel for guiding the rack GR. when it isdisposed oneither sideof a lock plunger LP.

A dog l (seeFig-S) is formed to protrude from the inside edge and at theright-hand end of the rack GR, and it removably'couples the rack GReffective to dispose the rack GR at a position longitudinally along theside of the lock plunger LP directly opposite from the position in whichthe rack GR is shown in the accompanying drawings.

A throw shaft 20 extends through a longitudi- 1 nal slot 2| in the lockplunger LP and is journalled in a boss 22 (see Fig. 2) at the top of thecase CA, and in a boss 23 at the bottom of the case CA. The shaftextends through the bot- 7 tom of the case CA and drives a throw crank24' which is suitably coupled to the shaft 20 as by the pin 25 (see Fig.2). The shaft 20 has a squared portion at the point 26 (see Fig. 5)directly above the boss 23, and an escapement crank 21 having a squaredcenter opening is fitted over the squared portion of the shaft 20 so asto be removably secured to the shaft.

The escapement crank 21 is operated by the reciprocation of the roller28 which is secured to the underside of the rack GR at a point near thecenter of the rack. The roller 28 operates within the jaw 29 of theescapement crank 27 to rotate the throw shaft 20 and thereby operate themovable points 30 and 3l of the track switch TS which are connected bythe throw rod TR' to the point 32 of the throw crank 24.

The rack GR is reciprocated by the rotation of a toothed sector S inmesh with the teeth 33 of the rack GR, the sector gear S operatingthrough approximately 180. The sector gear S is slidable on the squareshaft 34 so as to be readily removed from the shaft 34 and shifted tothe opposite side of the lock plunger LP, along with the rack GR, whenit is desired to reverse the direction of operation of the throw rod TRwith respect to the operation of a hand throw lever HT, which issuitably secured to the square shaft 34 as by the through bolt 35. By aslight bevel 36 at the ends of the teeth 31 on the sector gear S,cooperating with a bevel formed in the walls 38 at the ends of the teeth33, the sector gear S is maintained in its proper operating positionlongitudinally along the square shaft 34 without being rigidly securedto the shaft.

The square shaft 34 is journalled in the bosses 39 and 45 (see Fig. l)of the case CA by the use of removable bushings 4| and 42. The collar 43is suitably secured as by the through bolt 44 to the opposite end of theshaft 34 from the hand throw lever HT, and it will be readily apparentthat the collar 43 and the hand throw lever HT can be readily transposedwhen it is desirable to locate the switch machine on the opposite sideof the track switch TS (see Fig. 5)

The locking of the track switch TS in its normal position isaccomplished by the engagement of the locking dog 45 (see Fig. 5) whichis suitably secured to theunderside of the lock plunger LP, in a notch46 formed in the upper side of an adjustable lock rod LR. The lock rodLR is connected to the front rod of the track switch TS in the usualmanner. It extends through both sides of the case CA under the lockplunger LP, and it is guided by a suitable channel formed by the walls4'! and 48 (see Fig. '2) in the bottom of the case CA. The lock rod LRcomprises the 4 parallel bars 49 and 55 (see Fig. 5) adjustably' coupledtogether so as to cooperatively form a normal locking notch 43 extendingthrough the upper side of the bar 55 and into the bar 49, and a reverselocking notch 55 extending through the bar 45 and into the bar '55. Thelocking dog 52, which is secured to the underside of the lock plunger LPnear its left-hand end, is so spaced as to enter the reversed notch Siin the lock rod LR when the switch machine is near the end of itsoperation to its reverse position. By the use of the notches 45 and 5|extending only part way through the lock rod LR from opposite sides, itis provided that should certain parts become disconnected and out ofcorrespondence, the normal dog 45 can never enter the reverse notch 5iof the lock rod LR," and similarly, the reverse dog 52 can never enterthe normal notch 46 of the lock rod LR. v

The abutments 53 and 54 (see Fig. l) on the opposite sides of the lockplunger LP are formed in the case CA to provide a channel for thelongitudinal operation of the lock plunger LP and they provide a rigidsupport against transverse forces transmitted to the lock plunger llfrom the track switch TS through the lock rod LR.

Normal and reverse switch circuit controller mechanisms NC and RC aresecured to a common frame 7 l, which in turn is suitably secured withinthe case CA above the lock plunger LP as by the bolts '52 extending intothe shoulder 74 within the upper side of the case CA (see Fig. l) andthe bolts "25 extending into the shoulder 16 Within the lower side ofthe case CA. By the removal of these 4 bolts, the circuit controlls NCand RC can be readily removed as a unit for servicing and replacement.

. Considering first the structure of the normal switch circuitcontroller NC, a block 18 of insulating material is secured by thescrews it to shoulders Si) and 8| on the opposite sides of the frame il.Spaced across the top of the block t8, and recessed into the block 78,are contact fingers Fl, and spaced directly underneath the fingers Flacross the bottom of the block 78 are cooperating contact fingers F2,which are recessed into the lower surface of the block 18. The bindingposts 82 serve to secure the contacts Fl and F2 near their left-handends to the block E8 and make electrical connection to the respectivecontacts F2, while being insulated by the insulation strips 83 from thecontact fingers Fl. Similarly, the binding posts 84 serve to secure thecontacts Fl and F2 near their left-hand ends to the block if! and makeelectrical connection to the respective contacts Fl while beinginsulated from contacts F2 A U-shaped rocker Rl (see Fig. 1) has itsends pivoted by a pin 85 which in turn is journalled in bosses'86 and 87in the opposite sides of the frame II. The right-hand ends of thecontact fingers F2 are clamped to the rocker Rl between the strips ofinsulating material 88 and 89 which are suitably secured to the rockerRI. A cooperating rocker R2 (see Fig. 2) is pivoted by the pin 85 and itcarries a roller 9| which is biased by spring 90 against the uppersurface of the lock plunger LP because of the rocker R2 being spacedbeneath the rocker Rl by the adjustment screw 92. It will be readilyapparent that the adjustment 92 varies the gap of the contacts FI and F2when these contacts are opened by the operation of the switch machineaway from its normal position. The roller BI is disposedso as to beoperate ed by the normal cam 93 (see Figs. 1 and 5) which is secured tothe upper surface of the lock plunger LP so as to be movedlongitudinally upon the driving of the rack GR. The cam 93 is ofsufiicient length to allow the roller 9I to drop and close contacts FIand F2 only when the switch operating mechanism is in its normalposition and the lock rod LR is locked by the dog 45. When the lockplunger LP is operated to the right, the cam surface 93a (see Fig. 5)acts to lift the roller 9| and thus open the contacts FI and F2.

The detector rod DR extends transversely through the sides of the caseCA, and it is slidable through the guide plates 94 (see Fig. 1) whichare suitably secured to the opposite sides of the case CA. It is to beunderstood that the detector rod DR is suitably connected to a point ofthe track switch TS (generally the point that is normally closed)according to the usual practice as indicated by the dotted line I4l (seeFig. 5), and it will be apparent from Fig. 1 that either end of thedetector rod DR may be connected to a switch point, dependent upon whichside of the track the switch machine is located.

The roller 95 (see Figs. 2 and 5) which is secured to the longitudinallyslidable bracket 96, is normally positioned within the normal notch 91of the detector rod DR. It is biased within .notch 91 by the spring 98which acts to bias a catch I04 against the stationary rib I95 (seeFigs. 1. 2 and 5) of the frame II. The catch I94 is pivoted at the pointI99 of cam IOI which is slidable longitudinally (see Fig. 5) on theupper surface of the lock plunger LP through a channel formed by thenormal cam 93 and a cam I92. The spring 98 thus biases the cam IUI tothe left (see Fig. 2) against the head of the adjustment screw I93 (seeFig. 1) which is threaded into the longitudinally movable bracket 96.

The movement of the detector rod DR (see Fig. 5) from its normalposition operates the bracket 96 to the right and thus operates the camlIlI to the right to raise the roller 9| by the cam surface IIlIa toopen the contacts Fl and F2. It will be readily apparent that thisoperation is independent of the switch operating mechanism to providethat the contacts Fl and F2 are opened Whenever the switch points becomespread more than the allowable limit which is generally approximately A.inch.

If the switch points become spread, as by a train improperly trailingthe track switch TS when it is in its normal position, the contacts FIand F2 are opened, and by reason of the catch I94 dropping off of theshoulder l95 (see Figs. 1, 2 and 5) of the frame II as caused by themovement of the cam Illl to the right, the contacts Fl and F2 are heldopen to maintain signals governing traffic over the switch at stop, andthereby call attention to the fact that the switch points have beendamaged.

Restoration of the catch I94 to its normal position can be effectedmanually by applying pressure at the point ll, or by operating themachine so as to cause the cam surfaces 93b and IBM to operate rollersI91 secured at the opposite sides of the catch I94 and thereby raise thecatch I94 so that it will extend over the shoulder I95 of the frame IIupon restoration of the switch operating mechanism to its normalposition. This is true because the roller 95 enters the notch 91 toallow the catch I94 to extend over the shoulder 'l05 before the lockplunger LP is operated to its full left-hand position to slide the cams93 and I92 from under the rollers I01.

The structure of the reverse switch controller circuit RC issomewhatsimilar to the structure of the normal switch controller circuit NC inthat it has a similar contact block having contacts FI .and F2 (see Fig.2) secured to the block by terminal posts I08 and I09. The contacts F2are secured at their right-hand ends by insulating strips III! and IIIto a rocker R3 which is biased by the spring I I2 in a direction toclose contacts FI and F2 except as limited by the roller II3 which isdisposed to operate against the underside of the lock plunger LP and istensionally connected to the rocker R3 by the adjusting nut H4. Theadjustment nut II is adjusted to maintain contacts FI and F2 open exceptwhen the roller II3 drops into the notch H5 in the underside of the lockplunger LP, corresponding to the reversed position of the switchoperating mechanism.

The rocker R3 (see Figs. 2 and 5) can also be operated by the detectorrod DR through a rocker R4 which is pivoted by a pin Ilt serving as apivot point for both the rockers R and R3. The rocker R4 has securedthereto a roller Ill which acts against the side IIB of the detector rodDR to maintain contacts F'I and F2 open unless the detector rod is inits reversed position to allow the roller II? to drop into the notch H9and thereby allow the rocker Rd to rotate in a counterclockwisedirection about the pivot point H6. The rocker R9 is coupled to therocker R3 through the adjustment screw I20 so as to open the contacts FIand F2 when the roller II? is forced out of the notch H9, irrespectiveof the position of the roller II3 which is operated by the lock plunger.It is, therefore, provided that the contacts of the reverse switchcircuit controller RC as well as the contacts of the normal switchcircuit controller NC can be opened either by the detector rod DR or bythe lock plunger LP, each acting independent in this respect.

Provision is made for the adjustable attachment of either a high or alow switch target, or the machine may be used without a target inaccordance with the requirements of practice. When used with low target,the target operating structure may be provided as shown in Fig. 2wherein the target T is secured to a vane IEI formed as a part of acover I22 for the upper end of the throw shaft 29. A cover plate I23 issecured to the top of the case CA, and within the center of such coverplate, an adjustment collar I24 is secured by the pin I25 to the shaft29, such collar l2 l having an upper serrated surface I29 cooperatingwith a lower serrated surface of the cover I22 to provide a means bywhich the relative position of the target T with respect to the positionof the switch points can be rotatably adjusted in accordance with therequirements of practice. The cover plate E22 is suitably secured as bythe nut I27 to the collar I24. The washer I23 serves as a'spacer'between the collar I26 and the boss 22.

If it is desired to use a high target, the cover I22 is replaced by thecover I29 (see Fig. 3) which is adapted to receive a target shaft I39which is suitably coupled to the cover I29 as by the pin I3I.

If it is desired to use the switch machine without a target, a shorterthrow shaft is provided such as shaft I 32 shown in Fig. 4, and suchshaft is threaded on the top end to receive a nut 13 3' and a washer I34for supporting the shaft l32 at the top of the boss '22. Because of theboss 22 being recessed in the case CA a flat cover plate I35 can besecured to the case above the upper end of the shaft I32.

It will be noted that the right-hand end of the lock plunger LP extendsthrough the righthand end of the case CA, and it is guided by a plateI42. A hole I36 is illustrated in the righthand end of the lock plungerLP to provide a means for connecting the lock plunger to any otherapparatus desired to be operated by the lock plunger, such as to aderail, or the lock plunger of another switch machine. If a lock plungerLP is to be operated by the lock plunger of another machine, such lockplunger is not coupled to the rack GR, and thus the rack GR used in sucha machine is provided without a dog corresponding to the dog I! shown inFig. 5.

It will be noted from the description as it has been set forth that thevarious adjustments of the switch circuit controllers are in positionsto be conveniently adjusted with the cover of the switch machineremoved. The cover C is of suflicient size and shape to facilitate theadjustment or removal of the switch circuit controllers and thetransposition of the rack GR from one side of the lock plunger LP to theother for reversing the direction of operation of the throw rod TR withrespect to the operation of the hand throw lever HT. The cover C ishooked into the eye bolts I31 so that it may be readily removed, and itis secured tightly in place by the hasp I33 with the packing 139 beingeffective to provide a tight seal for the cover to protect the operatingmechanism against dust and dirt.

Having thus described in detail the structure of the switch machineprovided by the present invention together with the general function ofcertain of the parts, consideration will now be given as to the mode ofoperation of the machine upon operating the track switch TS from itsnormal to its reverse position.

With the track switch TS in its normal position as shown, tendency ofthe track switch to creep from its normal position is restricted by theface 29a of the escapement crank 27 which bears against the roller 28 totransmit any pressure applied to the throw rod TR by the track switch TSas a transverse pressure with respect to the longitudinal operation ofthe rack GR. Thus, there is no tendency to move the rack GRlongitudinally due to pressure applied to the throw rod TR from thetrack switch TS.

Assuming the catch hid (see Fig. 1) tobe released and the hand throwlever HT operated from its right-hand to its left-hand position, theinitial operation of the lever operates the lock plunger LP to the rightto remove the dog 45 from the notch 0.16 in the lock rod LR (see Fig.5). Such movement is provided without operating the throw shaft 26because the roller 28 cannot cause operation of the shaft until it hasbeen operated to the reverse operating surface 2% of the escapementcrank 21. When the roller 23 operates within the jaw 29 of theescapement crank 2'? to cause the shaft 20 to be rotated in a clockwisedirection as viewed in Fig. 1, the mechanical advantage increases as theend of the operating stroke is approached because of the action of theroller 28 against the reverse operating surface 2% when the surface 291)is nearly parallel to the direction of movement of the roller 28. Thefull reverse position is reached near the end of the stroke "of the handthrow lever HT where the surface 29b is parallel to the direction ofmovement of the roller 28 after the escapement crank 21 has beenoperated through approximately and subsequently sufiicient longitudinalmovement of, the lock plunger LP in a right-hand direction is providedto cause the dog 52 to enter the notch 5| in the lock rod LR, and thuslock the track switch in its reverse position. It is pelieved to beapparent from the description as it has been set forth that the initialoperation of the hand throw lever HT in operating the track switch fromnormal to its reverse position is efiective to open the contacts Fl andF2 of the normal switch circuit controller NC because of the roller 9ibeing raised by the .cam surface 93a; and similarly, the contacts FI andF2 of the reverse circuit controller RC become closed after the trackswitch is locked in its reversed position when the roller H3 enters thenotch H5 in the under side of the lock plunger LP.

Although the switch circuit controller contacts most generally employedfor closing signal control circuits are closed only in the fullnormaland full-reverse positions as they have been described, it will bereadily apparent that the contacts can be arranged to be opened onlywhen the track switch TS is in its full-normal or full-reverse positionif such is the requirements of practice.

To consider, a specific example of how the parts of the switch machinecan be rearranged to change the direction of movement of the throw crank24 with respect to the hand throw lever HT, it will be assumed that themachine is initially assembled as shown in the accompanying drawings.Upon removing the collar 43, the shaft 34 can be removed from the sectorS, and upon removing the bolts 12 and 15 the switch circuit controllersNC and RC are readily removed to provide clearance for transposing therack GR when turned end. for end to the opposite side of the lockplunger LP. When the rack GR is removed, the escapement crank 21 isrotated so that the roller 28 will fall within the jaw 29 of theescapement crank 2? when the rack GR is inserted in the machine at theopposite side of the lock plunger LP.

With the rack GR in its new position, the sector S can again bepositioned on the shaft 35 with its teeth 3'? in mesh with the teeth 33of the rack GR, and the collar 23 can be again secured at the end of theshaft 3d. The removal of the pin 25 allows the crank 2d to be shifted180 to complete the change required to reverse the direction of movementof the throw crank 2d with respect to the hand throw lever HT. It willbe noted that this change is facilitated by having the rack GR removablycoupled to the lock plunger LP so that the change can be made readilywithout disturbing the lock plunger and the associated cams 93, ml andI62, or the throw shaft 20.

If it is not required in practice that a track switch with which theswitch machine is used be locked in its reverse as well as its normalposition, the double lock rod LR is not required as a single lock rodhaving only a normal notch is sufficient. When it is not required tolook a track switch in its reverse position, the reverse locking dog 52is omitted from the underside of the lock plunger LP.

Having thus described a hand operated switch machine as one specificembodiment of the pres ent invention, it is desired to be understoodthat this form is selected more to facilitate in the disclosure of thepresent invention rather than to limit the number of forms which theinvention may assume, and it is to be further understood that variousadaptations, alterations, and modifications may be applied to thespecific form shown to meet the requirements of practice without in anymanner departing from the spirit or scope of the present inventionexcept as limited by the appending claims.

What I claim is:

1. In a hand-operated switch machine for positioning a track switch, acasing, a lock plunger for locking said track switch extendinglongitudinally through the center of said casing having a slot extendinglongitudinally, a throw shaft extending through said slot and journalledat the top and bottom of said casing, an escapement crank rotatablysecured to said shaft, a toothed rack slidable longitudinally in saidcasing when disposed at either side of said lock plunger, said rackhaving a roller at an intermediate point receivable within the jaw ofsaid escapement crank so as to rotate said shaft in response to thelongitudinal movement of said rack, and said rack being removablycoupled to said lock plunger when disposed on either side of said lockplunger, and means for reciprocating said rack when it is disposed ateither side of said lock plunger, whereby the relative direction ofrotation of said shaft with respect to the longitudinal movement of saidrack can be changed without disturbing said lock plunger by thetransposition of said rack from one side of said lock plunger to theother.

2. In a hand-operated switch machine, a casing, a lock plunger extendinglongitudinally through said casing having a slot extendinglongitudinally, a throw shaft extending through said slot and journalledat the top and bottom of said casing, a rack coupled to one side of saidlock plunger and operable longitudinally in said casing, an escapementcrank on said throw shaft operated by said rack, a toothed sector fordriving said rack, and a target adjustably coupled to the upper end ofsaid throw shaft in axial alignment with said shaft.

3. A hand operated switch machine for operating a track switchcomprising in combination, a casing having two laterally spacedlongitudinal channels formed in the bottom thereof, a lock plungerextending longitudinally through the center of the switch machine havingrespective normal and reverse locking dogs secured thereto for lockingsaid track switch, said lock plunger having a longitudinal slot, andsaid lock plunger having recesses in opposite sides thereof, a toothedrack slidable longitudinally in said casing having several spacedrollers secured to the under side thereof, all of said rollers beingdisposed upon the longitudinal axis of said toothed rack so as tooperate in one or the other of said channels, dependent upon at whichside of said lock plunger said rack is disposed, and said rack having adetent formed in one side thereof so as to respectively engage one ofsaid recesses in said lock plunger when said rack is disposed at eitherside of said lock plunger with its guiding rollers within one or theother of said channels, a toothed sector for reciprocating said rack, acrank having a jaw cooperating with one of said rollers, and a throwshaft carrying said crank, said throw shaft being journaled in the upperand lower sides of said casing and extending through said longitudinalslot in said lock plunger, whereby the force applied through the rack tosaid jaw, by being applied upon the longituding axis of the rack,minimizes the side thrust of the rollers within the channels, andwhereby the relative direction of rotation of said throw shaft can bereversed by the transposition of said rack to the opposite of said lockplunger Without disturbing the disposition of said lock plunger.

JAMES E. STEPHENSON.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file ofthis patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,320,522 Anderson Nov. 4, 19191,654,023 Thorn Dec. 2'7, 1927 2,184,870 Bone et al Dec. 26, 19392,337,636 Bone et a1 Dec. 28, 1943 2,380,820 Bone July 31, 1945

